What is meant by 'principal' in finance?

The term 'principal' in finance refers to the total amount of money that is either invested or borrowed, distinct from any interest accrued on that amount. When someone takes out a loan, for instance, the principal is the initial sum of money that the borrower receives and is responsible for paying back, excluding interest. Similarly, in an investment context, the principal is the amount of capital that is put into an investment venture, before any profits or returns are realized. Understanding this concept is crucial as it lays the foundation for calculations involving interest, loan repayments, and investment returns.